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ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia
2026 , Vol 64 , Num 1
The influence of vitamin D, vitamin K, and parathyroid hormone on anemia severity in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis
1 Al-Nahrain University, School of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baghdad, Iraq2 Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimain Medical City Hospital, Dialysis Unit, Baghdad, Iraq
3 Al-Nahrain University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
DOI : 10.23893/1307-2080.APS6406 Viewed : 636 - Downloaded : 85 Patients undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) frequently have anemia. Disruptions in vitamin D and vitamin K metabolism, along with alterations in parathyroid hormone levels, may influence the severity of anemia in this population. This study investigated the impact of vitamin D, vitamin K, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels on the severity of patients with ESRD undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The Hamida Al-Masfah Dialysis Centre at Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimain Teaching Hospital in Baghdad conducted a prospective cross-sectional study from November 1, 2023, to April 20, 2024. One hundred standard hemodialysis patients aged 18 years or older were recruited. Patients were classified based on anemia severity (Hb<8 g/dL versus Hb ?8 g/dL) and PTH levels (<150 versus 150-600 pg/mL). ELISA quantified 25(OH)D, vitamin K, and intact PTH in the serum. Statistical techniques were employed for correlation and comparative analyses. Patients with severe anemia exhibited markedly reduced mean 25(OH)D levels (p=0.02). The levels of PTH and vitamin K were comparable throughout the anaemic groups (p=0.11 and 0.66 respectively). A strong inverse connection was identified between serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels (p=0.03). Furthermore, vitamin K had a positive correlation with unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) (p=0.04), but not with hemoglobin levels. A deficiency of 25(OH)D correlates with heightened anemia severity in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis. PTH and vitamin K levels did not directly influence on the severity of anemia. Additional longitudinal studies are advised to investigate the therapeutic effects of vitamin D correction in the therapy of anemia. Keywords : anemia, vitamin D, vitamin K, parathyroid hormone, chronic kidney disease